en:reference:language

en:reference:language:analogreadresolution

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

analogReadResolution() Description analogReadResolution() is an extension of the Analog API for the Arduino Due and Zero. Sets the size (in bits) of the value returned by analogRead(). It defaults to 10 bits (returns values between 0-1023) for backward compatibility with AVR based boards.

en:reference:language:analogwriteresolution

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Description analogWriteResolution() is an extension of the Analog API for the Arduino Due and Zero. analogWriteResolution() sets the resolution of the analogWrite() function. It defaults to 8 bits (values between 0-255) for backward compatibility with AVR based boards.

en:reference:language:arithmetic

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, & Division Description These operators return the sum, difference, product, or quotient (respectively) of the two operands. The operation is conducted using the data type of the operands, so, for example, 9 / 4 gives 2 since 9 and 4 are ints. This also means that the operation can overflow if the result is larger than that which can be stored in the data type (e.g. adding 1 to an int with the value 32,767 gives -32,768). If the operands are of different t…

en:reference:language:assignment_operator

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

= assignment operator (single equal sign) Stores the value to the right of the equal sign in the variable to the left of the equal sign. The single equal sign in the C programming language is called the assignment operator. It has a different meaning than in algebra class where it indicated an equation or equality. The assignment operator tells the microcontroller to evaluate whatever value or expression is on the right side of the equal sign, and store it in the variable to the left of the eq…

en:reference:language:bitshift

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

bitshift left (<<), bitshift right (>>) Description From The Bitmath Tutorial in The Playground There are two bit shift operators in C++: the left shift operator << and the right shift operator >>. These operators cause the bits in the left operand to be shifted left or right by the number of positions specified by the right operand.

en:reference:language:bitwiseand

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Bitwise AND (&), Bitwise OR (|), Bitwise XOR (^) Bitwise AND (&) The bitwise operators perform their calculations at the bit level of variables. They help solve a wide range of common programming problems. Much of the material below is from an excellent tutorial on bitwise math wihch may be found here.

en:reference:language:bitwisexornot

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Bitwise NOT (~) The bitwise NOT operator in C++ is the tilde character ~. Unlike & and |, the bitwise NOT operator is applied to a single operand to its right. Bitwise NOT changes each bit to its opposite: 0 becomes 1, and 1 becomes 0. For example:

en:reference:language:boolean

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Boolean Operators These can be used inside the condition of an if statement. && (logical and) True only if both operands are true, e.g. if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH && digitalRead(3) == HIGH) { // read two switches // ... } is true only if both inputs are high.

en:reference:language:braces

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

{} Curly Braces Curly braces (also referred to as just “braces” or as “curly brackets”) are a major part of the C programming language. They are used in several different constructs, outlined below, and this can sometimes be confusing for beginners.

en:reference:language:break

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

break break is used to exit from a do, for, or while loop, bypassing the normal loop condition. It is also used to exit from a switch statement. Example for (x = 0; x < 255; x ++) { digitalWrite(PWMpin, x); sens = analogRead(sensorPin); if (sens > threshold){ // bail out on sensor detect x = 0; break; } delay(50); }

en:reference:language:comments

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Comments Comments are lines in the program that are used to inform yourself or others about the way the program works. They are ignored by the compiler, and not exported to the processor, so they don't take up any space on the Atmega chip. Comments only purpose are to help you understand (or remember) how your program works or to inform others how your program works. There are two different ways of marking a line as a comment:

en:reference:language:continue

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

continue The continue statement skips the rest of the current iteration of a loop (do, for, or while). It continues by checking the conditional expression of the loop, and proceeding with any subsequent iterations. Example for (x = 0; x < 255; x ++) { if (x > 40 && x < 120){ // create jump in values continue; } digitalWrite(PWMpin, x); delay(50); }

en:reference:language:define

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Define #define is a useful C component that allows the programmer to give a name to a constant value before the program is compiled. Defined constants in ocrobot don't take up any program memory space on the chip. The compiler will replace references to these constants with the defined value at compile time.

en:reference:language:dowhile

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

do - while The do loop works in the same manner as the while loop, with the exception that the condition is tested at the end of the loop, so the do loop will always run at least once. do { // statement block } while (test condition); Example

en:reference:language:else

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

if / else if/else allows greater control over the flow of code than the basic if statement, by allowing multiple tests to be grouped together. For example, an analog input could be tested and one action taken if the input was less than 500, and another action taken if the input was 500 or greater. The code would look like this:

en:reference:language:for

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

for statements Description The for statement is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly braces. An increment counter is usually used to increment and terminate the loop. The for statement is useful for any repetitive operation, and is often used in combination with arrays to operate on collections of data/pins.

en:reference:language:goto

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

goto Transfers program flow to a labeled point in the program Syntax label: goto label; // sends program flow to the label Tip The use of goto is discouraged in C programming, and some authors of C programming books claim that the goto statement is never necessary, but used judiciously, it can simplify certain programs. The reason that many programmers frown upon the use of goto is that with the unrestrained use of goto statements, it is easy to create a program with undefined program flow,…

en:reference:language:if

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

if (conditional) and ==, !=, <, > (comparison operators) if, which is used in conjunction with a comparison operator, tests whether a certain condition has been reached, such as an input being above a certain number. The format for an if test is: if (someVariable > 50) { // do something here }

en:reference:language:include

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

#include #include is used to include outside libraries in your sketch. This gives the programmer access to a large group of standard C libraries (groups of pre-made functions), and also libraries written especially for Ocrobot. The main reference page for AVR C libraries (AVR is a reference to the Atmel chips on which the Ocrobot is based) is here.

en:reference:language:loop

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

loop() After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the ocrobot platforms.

en:reference:language:main

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

Language Reference Ocrobot programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions. Structure * setup() * loop() Control Structures * if * if...else * for * switch case * while * do... while * break * continue * return * goto Further Syntax * ; (semicolon) * {} (curly braces) * // (single line comment) * /* */ (multi-line comment) *

en:reference:language:modulo

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

% (modulo) Description Calculates the remainder when one integer is divided by another. It is useful for keeping a variable within a particular range (e.g. the size of an array). Syntax result = dividend % divisor Parameters dividend: the number to be divided divisor: the number to divide by

en:reference:language:pointer

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

The pointer operators & (reference) and * (dereference) Pointers are one of the more complicated subjects for beginners in learning C, and it is possible to write the vast majority of Ocrobot sketches without ever encountering pointers. However for manipulating certain data structures, the use of pointers can simplify the code, and and knowledge of manipulating pointers is handy to have in one's toolkit.

en:reference:language:return

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

return Terminate a function and return a value from a function to the calling function, if desired. Syntax: return; return value; // both forms are valid Parameters value: any variable or constant type Examples: A function to compare a sensor input to a threshold

en:reference:language:semicolon

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

; semicolon Used to end a statement. Example int a = 13; Tip Forgetting to end a line in a semicolon will result in a compiler error. The error text may be obvious, and refer to a missing semicolon, or it may not. If an impenetrable or seemingly illogical compiler error comes up, one of the first things to check is a missing semicolon, in the immediate vicinity, preceding the line at which the compiler complained.

en:reference:language:setup

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

setup() The setup() function is called when program starts. Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each powerup or reset of the ocrobot board. Example int buttonPin = 3; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); } void loop() { // ... }

en:reference:language:switchcase

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

switch / case statements Like if statements, switch...case controls the flow of programs by allowing programmers to specify different code that should be executed in various conditions. In particular, a switch statement compares the value of a variable to the values specified in case statements. When a case statement is found whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case statement is run.

en:reference:language:while

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-11T02:55:35+00:00

while loops Description while loops will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the expression inside the parenthesis, () becomes false. Something must change the tested variable, or the while loop will never exit. This could be in your code, such as an incremented variable, or an external condition, such as testing a sensor.